The Industry Video Game Entertainment - 1399 Words

Company Name: Nintendo Company Website: http://www.nintendo.com Industry: Video Game entertainment Company history and background: In the gaming industry you probably heard of â€Å"It’s -a -me -Mario† which is Nintendo’s trademark character. Nintendo started off as a Japanese card game maker into electronic gaming in a way the term today we call console gaming. What started as a Popeye concept kind of safe the girl game which is titled Mario vs Donkey Kong became a hit in retro arcade gaming came to the convenience of playing at home which is what we call a game console. It then became a bigger impact for the company when Shigeru Miyamoto father of the character â€Å"Mario† created Super Mario world it became Nintendo’s Company icon. Running†¦show more content†¦Mr. Kimishima will continue Iwata’s dream in creating the best game consoles as well as games. As all video games it counts on E3 if a video game company will succeed based on the products released which can have a major impact if a console system is released. For most c urrent release of the Nintendo switch, it was sold out in a major part of the world. The switch has brought the market up a lot due to its popularity with its games that interest the loyal fans of Nintendo. According to yahoo finance; it went from a 22,000 yen to a spike of 23,000 on the day of launch then to a very stable progression to 26,000 yen market price to what it current state in the market is right now. ANALYSIS VIA PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL Threats of new Entrants: †¢ Threat level of new Entrants are low due to new players of the gaming console †¢ The barriers of entry is pretty high †¢ Network for distribution is needed †¢ Needs strong brand name which is important †¢ Loyal customer are to be expected for existing brand †¢ Curve of learning is pretty high due unfamiliarity †¢ Can expect new Entrant to enter every year Bargaining Power of Suppliers: †¢ The Bargaining Power of Suppliers is at a moderate power level †¢ Companies that sell the products order in large amounts in order to keep the suppliers happy †¢ The value of the electronic components in the gaming consoles can easily switched and are inexpensive Bargaining Power of Customers: †¢ The Bargaining Power of Customers is at aShow MoreRelatedVideo Games Effects On Entertainment Industry949 Words   |  4 PagesToday in our world, video games have been a massive impact and phenomenon on entertainment industry. People from different ages playing video games from different types of consuls and games, and the sales from this industry is growing. What is makes different from video games than another entertainment industry is video games encourage people in different levels to have more attention and focus more emotionally and physically on the screen. There are different games that are made to appeal the gamersRead MoreVideo Games Have Become A Real Influence On The Curriculum Of The Modern Entertainment Industry Essay1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdecades, the video game industry has rapidly improved the technology to home gaming. Video games have become a real influence on the curriculum of the modern entertainment industry. Video game campaigns have a very stra tegized, but hidden way of luring people to buy their product. I believe that the way that they use social influence like Facebook or twitter to spread the word that their new video game is coming. 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This means that there are several big companies that contribute to more than fifty percent of the production of films produced each year. At the moment some of the companies that together combine for more than this fifty percent are Sony, Warner Brothers, Disney, and Paramount. These big production companies have a big hold on the market,Read MoreAn Overview On Modern Day Entertainment1409 Words   |  6 PagesAn Overview On Modern Day Entertainment Introduction: Computer are not only revered for their practical utility, but also for their versatility, as they are often used for a source of entertainment. Computers lead way to the Internet, which in turn spawned social media sites, video streaming and video games. Websites such as Youtube, Facebook and Twitter have gained so much traction in current day entertainment. A fun night out now consists of purely technological components: you begin movie nightRead MoreTime to Play with Education1500 Words   |  6 PagesTime to Play with Education The exponentially evolving video game technology has impacted the lives of the most recent generations. Play is an effective way for young children to acquire knowledge on their own. With games becoming more and more mobile and easy to access, it is safe to say that most, if not all, have learned a thing or two from playing video games. There are many assumptions that these stimulating games bring nothing but a negative influence to students’ academic performance. ItRead MoreThe Use Of Quantum Mechanics On The Entertainment Industry1186 Words   |  5 Pages many of which are taken for granted. The entertainment industry is no different. Everything from TVs and DVD and Blu-ray players to video game consoles and even some types of stage lights would not be made possible without the use of quantum mechanics. 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A number of changes have been witnessed in the video game industry with respect to competition and technology. Atari, a U.S. based company, and Namco from Japan are some of the undisputed initial players in the video game industry. They literally brought the video games to teenagers who accessed them in the shopping malls and video games arcades. Home consoles however made it possible for video game lovers toRead MoreVideo Games in Pop-Culture.1510 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games in pop-culture. Video games and computer games (from here on both categories will be simply referred to as video games for simplicity) have entered the domain of pop culture fairly recently. Although the first video game was developed in 1958 by William Higginbotham, their popularity didn’t occur until the seventies with the appearance of Pac-man and Frogger in the arcades (Computer and Video Games). If the younger generation of video game consumers would take a look at what was out

Life Expectancy Issues Among Indigenous Communities In Australia

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous Authored Literature Review On Exploring The Life Expectancy Issues Among Indigenous Communities In Australia. Answer: Literature review The literature review intends to elaborate a certain issue in relation to a relative interesting area that would help in exploring the unattended information so far. In accordance with the report from the national indigenous reform agreement, 8 out 10 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander are suffering from low life expectancy in the current scenario (Griffiths, 2013). In Australian, the life expectancy surveys are being conducted in Australia in every 5 years in order to accumulate information regarding the frequency of occurrence of the issue. Here the study would be addressing the issues of life expectancy among the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders culture and diversity and how it has been treated since the outburst of the issues would also be attended (Coleman et al. 2015). Through evaluating three of the articles by the indigenous writer, the issue could better be explained and understood at the same time. It has evidently been realised that there is a humongous gap between the indigenous and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander on the basis of life expectancy. In the article named Closing the Gaps: competing estimates of Indigenous Australian life expectancy in the scientific literature by (Coleman et al. 2015) has exhibited the gap between life expectancy of the indigenous such as Aboriginal Islanders and Australian people which have been calculated through many methods in the past few years. The article explains the inequality in the health aspects of the Australian people and the indigenous and a well-documented evaluation of the facts could also be gained in this regard. In a comparative manner, the difference between the life expectancy issues and reasons behind it could be stated in terms of morbidity, disability and mortality in the life course of the indigenous people and along with this, international injury, uneven practices of hospitalisation for mental illness, renal dise ase and so on, have greater influence upon the indigenous Australian (Doyle et al. 2015). In Australia, the aspects of life expectancy aspects are calculated and explaining order to manifest the difference between health equality and circumstances that encourage such issues to arise (Rosenstock et al. 2013). The article has evaluated the course of explaining life expectancy among indigenous people in Australia through adopting certain methods such as assess the peer reviewed publication that has conducted the calculation regarding life expectancy among indigenous people in Australia between 2007-2012. The results were presented in term five age section of the population such as 20 years, 17 years, 15 -20 years and 11.5 years in males, whereas the females suffering the life expectancy issues has been realised within the age group of 9.7 years in comparison to the Australian people (Esler, et al. 2015). Thus, in relation to this article a concluding note could be incorporated that tho ugh the outcomes of the survey has not been revealed to the stakeholders but it is evident that the agreement based on the gap magnitude should be presented to the stakeholders in order to reduce the issues related to o life expectancy among indigenous people n Australia. In relation to the second indigenous authored article called Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend reporting it is also realised that the author has shaded light upon the life expectancy evaluation and its exploration on the basis of survey results. Hence, it is manifested within the article that the methodology regarding the evaluation of the life expectancy has changed in the past several years and new methodology has been introduced in 2013 (Calma, 2010). The study mainly concentrated upon the ways in which the aspects of life expectancy has been explored and how often these are effective in delivering acute information regarding the rate of life expectancy issues among a male and female population of the indigenous people in Australia (Karlsson, 2013). One of the main programmes were generated between 2012 to 2014 called closing the gap programme which aimed at reducing or diminishing the gap between the life expectancy rates of aboriginal isla nders and the Australian people. The third article named Hypertension: high prevalence and a positive association with obesity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in far north Queensland in this regard have also manifested different facets of the issues related to life expectancy. The study has directed the attention towards another important aspect of Australia that showcased instead of the good name at the word bank, there is still inequality persist regarding health issues among the Australian population (Schluter et al. 2016). The two indigenous populations in Australia, which are Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders, are facing inequality in education, income and health reacted issues in their daily course of life. In accordance with the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey report conducted in 2008 it is realised that the gross income of the indigenous communities in Australia is also most equal to the US$14,020 and in the remote areas of Australia 28% of the popul ation is running out of financial assets needed for basic living (Yap and Biddle, 2010). The life expectancy aspects are below 10 to 12 years of the other Australian population and the main reason behind be could be stated in terms of familial separation, colonisation, racism underpins the current disadvantages for the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia (Graham et al. 2017). The article has argued that along with the pre mentioned the reason the cardiovascular and renal disease which has influenced the young adults in the Australian. The results have manifested in terms of the sources of the illness including hyper tension, obesity and lack of proper nutrition among children basically. Thus, a conclusion in relation to the study could be inserted in terms of the fact that the young adults of the indigenous communities specifically in the remote living areas are at great risk due to renal disease and cardiovascular issues. A suggestive note has been recorded i n relation to the preventive action could have been considered in order to prevent the influential impact of the diseases or the inequality on the future generation in those aboriginal communities. Hence, from the above evaluation of the three indigenous authored articles, it has been realised that the indigenous population in Australia has been facing difficulties in many forms in the course of their life (Sanders, 2013). Though the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders have witnessed inequalities in the form of education, income and health, here the issues related to life expectancy have been evaluated. From the comparative discussion, it could be realised that the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders people are devoid of the basic requirements and necessity in the course of living and in relation to the health issues the problem related to life expectancy has been highlighted among the indigenous communities. Thus, an evident gap has been realised between the health related problem and treating those problems among the indigenous people and the Australian population (Ritchie, 2010). On the other hand, it could be said that the articles have evidently extract ed he main reason behind the issues in the respective communities in a critical manner. The indigenous communities are below the standard of income, education and health in comparison to other Australian population. The indigenous population living in remote areas are subjected to witness the cruellest side of inequality in terms of financial instability which has great influence upon the daily course of life (Schluter et al. 2016). The issues regarding life expectancy in the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders have been realised with the frequency of occurrence among young adults. In conclusion, it could be depicted that due to the implementation of preventive actions in relation to the health issues among indigenous community. In accordance with the report produced by Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, instead of the enhancement of the situation of the communities, the indigenous people still remain below a standard of the known-indigenous people. The survey has also manifested that the male indigenous born between 2010 to 2012 have the life expectancy rate of 69.1 in comparison to known indigenous and which is also below in the current situation. The rate of indigenous people persists between 81% n 2013 as most of the people were below 75 years in comparison to the non-indigenous people in Australia. After 10 years of the implementation of closing the gap programme the rate of life expectancy issues have reduced with 34% and it could be expected the in the next 10 years that the issues will be dispersed with effective efforts. Thus, the effectivenes s of closing the gap programme could be realised as it has manifested the main reason behind such issues is the non communicable diseases and lack of proper treatment to the serious diseases. Thu, it could be concluded that the future preventive measures would be able to reduce the negative impact of the health issues from the Aboriginal people and Torres Strait Islanders communities. References Calma T. 2010 Chalmers OrationWhats needed to Close the Gap?Rural Remote Health.2010;10(3):1586. Coleman,, C., Fortune, N., Lee,, V., Griffiths,, K. and Madden, R., 2015. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Life Expectancy and Mortality Trend Reporting.Sydney Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Statistics. Doyle, M., Butler, T., Shakeshaft, A., Guthrie, J., Reekie, J. and Schofield, P., 2015. Alcohol and other drug use among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander and non-Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander men entering prison in New South Wales.Health Justice, 3(1). Esler, D., Raulli, A., Pratt, R. and Fagan, P., 2015. Hypertension: high prevalence and a positive association with obesity among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth in far north Queensland.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 40(S1), pp.S65-S69. Graham, S., O'Connor, C., Morgan, S., Chamberlain, C. and Hocking, J., 2017. Prevalence of HIV among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Sexual Health. Griffiths,, K., 2013. Guidelines on the provision of sustainable eye care for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 96(4), pp.422-423. Karlsson, L., 2013. Indigenous life expectancy in Sweden 1850-1899: Towards a long and healthy life?.Demographic Research, 28, pp.433-456. Ritchie, J., 2010. Why we need success stories in reporting the health of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples: a personal perspective.Global Health Promotion, 17(4), pp.61-64. Rosenstock, A., Mukandi, B., Zwi, A. and Hill, P., 2013. Closing the Gaps: competing estimates of Indigenous Australian life expectancy in the scientific literature.Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 37(4), pp.356-364. Sanders, W., 2013. Changing Agendas in Australian Indigenous Policy: Federalism, Competing Principles and Generational Dynamics.Australian Journal of Public Administration, 72(2), pp.156-170. Schluter, P., Askew, D., Spurling, G., Lee, M. and Hayman, N., 2016. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander oral health and its impact among adults: A cross-sectional study.Australian Dental Journal, 62(1), pp.84-94. Yap, M. and Biddle, N., 2010. Gender Gaps in Indigenous Socioeconomic Outcomes: Australian Regional Comparisons and International Possibilities.International Indigenous Policy Journal, 1(2).

The Decline and Fall of Classical Civilizations free essay sample

The classical civilizations Han China, Gupta India, and Rome all declined and eventually collapsed all together due to internal corruption, economic decline, and external invasions. Although Rome was destroyed culturally and politically once it fell, China and India were able to maintain some culture due to the religions Confucianism and Hinduism. One of the causes of the collapse of all three civilizations is that all three empires were ridden with political corruption during their later years, all three suffered under poor leadership, and moral decay also haracterized the fall of these once great empires. In Han China the central governments control disappeared, and as a result, the bureaucracy became more corrupt. Due to this loss of power, local proprietors decided to pick up the slack and ruled their neighborhood however they saw fit. Peasants were taxed even more than they already were and the proprietors demanded more services of them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Decline and Fall of Classical Civilizations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many had to sell their land and become laborers on estates, and some people even had to sell their own children into service. Military generals later took over the falling empire to try to raise it back up. There were several empires that rose and fall until the bureaucratic system was revived for good. This period of havoc did leave behind a mark in the Buddhist minority that was left and in the newer styles of art and literature. Unlike the fall of Rome, the disruption was not permanent and china eventually regained its former state. The decline of Rome is actually very similar to the dramatic collapse of Han China. After 180 C. E. political confusion produced several weak emperors, who only damaged the empire even more, and several power struggles over the succession to the throne only weakened the once powerful empire. Similar to the downfall of Han China, army intervention only complicated political life and contributed to political decline from the top of the chain downwards. In contrast to the drastic downfalls of Rome and Han China, the fall of Gupta India was much more subtle and not nearly as dramatic of declines. It also was not based on political unity unlike Han China. Because no native ruler native to India even attempted to build an empire, invaders integrated into the warrior caste and formed a new ruling group of regional princes that came to be known as the Rajput. Few political events of ignificance occurred under their ruling, and due to their poor leadership, the Gupta India civilization slowly declined as well. However once this had happened Rome and the Han China civilization had already collapsed, but internal corruption was not the only reason for the eventual collapse. Another common cause of the fall of these classical civilizations is due to outside invasions. One connection between all the civilizations was the fact that the Huns invaded all three. The Huns themselves invaded Rome and Han China while Gupta India was by another Hun group from Asia. Another similarity that Rome and Han China shared is the fact that both of these civilizations had their capitals overrun which highly contributed to their fall and made their downfall occur even faster. Although Rome and Han China nad been suttering trom internal problems betore the invaders began causing problems, the nomads Just dealt the final blows that sent the civilizations to their doom. Gupta India had not yet resolved their tendency for their political system to dissolve and for the whole system to dissolve, making them a prime target for invaders to come and take over. The fact that these once powerful civilizations were already very weak probably encouraged the nomadic invaders to harass and destroy even more. Unlike the other two civilizations, Rome suffered directly from the Germanic invaders who mainly fought because they had also fallen prey to the Huns harassment. Although these outside invasions were a big factor in the decline of these civilizations, economic decline also majorly played a part in the collapse. Even though it came in different forms, economic decline was also a cause of the fall of these empires. The Decline and Fall of Classical Civilizations free essay sample The classical civilizations Han China, Gupta India, and Rome all declined and eventually collapsed all together due to internal corruption, economic decline, and external invasions. Although Rome was destroyed culturally and politically once it fell, China and India were able to maintain some culture due to the religions Confucianism and Hinduism. One of the causes of the collapse of all three civilizations is that all three empires were ridden with political corruption during their later years, all three suffered under poor leadership, and moral decay also characterized the fall of these once great empires. In Han China the central government’s control disappeared, and as a result, the bureaucracy became more corrupt. Due to this loss of power, local proprietors decided to pick up the slack and ruled their neighborhood however they saw fit. Peasants were taxed even more than they already were and the proprietors demanded more services of them. We will write a custom essay sample on The Decline and Fall of Classical Civilizations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many had to sell their land and become laborers on estates, and some people even had to sell their own children into service. Military generals’ later took over the falling empire to try to raise it back up. There were several empires that rose and fall until the bureaucratic system was revived for good. This period of havoc did leave behind a mark in the Buddhist minority that was left and in the newer styles of art and literature. Unlike the fall of Rome, the disruption was not permanent and china eventually regained its former state. The decline of Rome is actually very similar to the dramatic collapse of Han China. After 180 C. E. political confusion produced several weak emperors, who only damaged the empire even more, and several power struggles over the succession to the throne only weakened the once powerful empire. Similar to the downfall of Han China, army intervention only complicated political life and contributed to political decline from the top of the chain downwards. In contrast to the drastic downfalls of Rome and Han China, the fall of Gupta India was much more subtle and not nearly as dramatic of declines. It also was not based on political unity unlike Han China. Because no native ruler native to India even attempted to build an empire, invaders integrated into the warrior caste and formed a new ruling group of regional princes that came to be known as the Rajput. Few political events of significance occurred under their ruling, and due to their poor leadership, the Gupta India civilization slowly declined as well. However once this had happened Rome and the Han China civilization had already collapsed, but internal corruption was not the only reason for the eventual collapse. Another common cause of the fall of these classical civilizations is due to outside invasions. One connection between all the civilizations was the fact that the Huns invaded all three. The Huns themselves invaded Rome and Han China while Gupta India was by another Hun group from Asia. Another similarity that Rome and Han China shared is the fact that both of these civilizations had their capitals overrun which highly contributed to their fall and made their downfall occur even faster. Although Rome and Han China had been suffering from internal problems before the invaders began causing problems, the nomads just dealt the final blows that sent the civilizations to their doom. Gupta India had not yet resolved their tendency for their political system to dissolve and for the whole system to dissolve, making them a prime target for invaders to come and take over. The fact that these once powerful civilizations were already very weak probably encouraged the nomadic invaders to harass and destroy even more. Unlike the other two civilizations, Rome suffered directly from the Germanic invaders who mainly fought because they had also fallen prey to the Huns harassment. Although these outside invasions were a big factor in the decline of these civilizations, economic decline also majorly played a part in the collapse. Even though it came in different forms, economic decline was also a cause of the fall of these empires.

Year Of Wonders essays

Year Of Wonders essays Year of Wonders is set in 1666 England in a small village called Eyam. The main characters consist of Michael And Elinor Mompellion and the heroine Anna Frith. After Annas husband, Sam, dies a lodger named George Viccars takes up residence there and works at his trade as a tailor. I bolt of cloth arrives from London that is infected with the plague. Yet sadly even though Mr. Viccars died screaming to burn it all the villagers take all that they paid to be done completed or not. Hence the plague spreads feverishly fast throughout the community testing everyones resolve when asked to take an oath to stay in the village to keep the plague contained. Soon after the plague sets in heavily witchcraft, greed, and madness begins to seep into the villagers spurring more loss. All is left up to The Mompellions and Anna to stem the flow of death and be a pillar for the fast failing faith in all the villagers hearts. I believe Mr. Mompellion changed radically in the short span of one year. He went from a very pious man, strong in the faith. To a man who had lost faith...believing that there was no God. He began with a loving wife and healthy mind and sound mind and ended up losing both in one inglorious fall. He held up the community and in the end he could not even hold himself up. He was a abject to sin yet wound up sinning gravely in one I recall the scene of Elinors death vividly. I can see and hear the scream of Aphra behind Mompellion. I see him run towards her smothering her filthy body and rotting daughter in a huge hug and Elinor joining in. I see the head of the long dead Faith POP off and go rolling in the green meadows of Cucklett Delf. I see the wild thrash of the Aphra beaten by grief and driven mad by solitude slash Elinor and then thrust the large blade taken ...

How do United States special military teams play a role in combatting Research Paper

How do United States special military teams play a role in combatting terrorism, irregular warfare strategy, domestic intelligence gathering, and foreign law assistance - Research Paper Example This commitment of the American government becomes evident from the revamping of the US Special Forces activities in the aftermath of 9/11 terrorist attack by Al-Qaeda. In the wake of this disastrous event, controversies have mounted on the effectiveness of domestic intelligence and the coordination of the activities of existing joint forces. Most of the criticism in this regard has been directed at the intelligence community for its purported failure to warn other agencies of an imminent threat. On the other hand, problems also prevail in other areas and terrorist organizations have been exploiting this vulnerability to wreak havoc on the nation. Thus, an urgent and imperative need has emerged for a dedicated Homeland Security Intelligence (HSI) in the nation to augment the existing intelligence collection system and solidify the functions of security forces. In addition, a necessity has also been felt for further sharpening the cutting edge of operational efficiency of the US Speci al Forces so as to enable them to combat terrorism more effectively. Though there no single definition universally for the term ‘terrorism’ the most commonly accepted definition perceives this phenomenon as the â€Å"use of violence to create fear† to attain political, religious or ideological objectives (Matusitz, 2012, p.4). Thus, terrorist activities, most of the times, are directed at noncombatant civilian population with a view to inflict maximum damage to human life and property so as to create terror and thus propagate their cause amongst the citizens. Terrorist organizations usually function as clandestine entities with a hierarchical system including a leader and other chieftains, â€Å"planners, trainers and actual bombers/killers† (p.4). Most of them are highly educated, motivated, physically competent, and trained in various types of combat tactics as well as electronic and information and communication

International economics ECON-370 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International economics ECON-370 - Assignment Example By definition, intra-industry trade arises when a country imports and exports related types of goods or services simultaneously. Considering two countries as an example, Germany and France, if Germany exports cars to France and simultaneously imports cars from England, then intra-industry trade occurs. (b). When the US imports the labor-intensive parts and not finished goods and exports the capital-intensive finished cars, then this would be a clear indication of intra-industry trade whereby the country will be acting simultaneously in the imports and exports of the same product. This scenario is similar to that of the example of Germany discussed in part (a) above. The finding that imports are labor intensive means that most individuals won’t be employed in the US as the imported goods come when they are already near finish. Nothing much is done on them. Capital intensive exports on the other hand means that we send a lot of employment opportunities outside of the country hen ce we create jobs outside and not inside the US. In my view, such a situation due to trade will lead to job displacement. 2. (a). A country is capital-abundant if its endowment of capital is more compared to other †¦. ... labor-intensive because its price in the labor-abundant country will lead to a bid price that is lower relatively to the price of that good in the country. Therefore, a capital-abundant country will export the capital-intensive good because its capital endowment is large compared to other countries, and the labor-abundant country will export the labor-intensive good. From this illustration, US is the capital-intensive country while EA are labor-intensive. US has less workers as compared to EA. This is in line with promoting trade between countries. (b). (c). In Stopper-Samuealson is’s a heory states that a â€Å"rise in the comparative price of a good raises the relative price of the factor used intensively in its production. Opening trade between countries will increase the award to the abundant factor and lower the reward of the scarce factor.this theory clarifies one reason for the controversy about free trade (Krugman et al 75). The US is expected to be the loser as this theory advocates that the relative factor endowments ; creating incentives for owners, nothing ever happened to support free trade. The EA on the other hand, are expected to gain since they are labor-intensive. On the other hand, since production of each good involves using different proportions for individual. Changing output combination altrers relative demand for the goods produced in both countries. Trade liberalization of trade leads to more inequality. (d), when there is no free trade and labor can migrate fully, from one country to another. at intra-industry Trade, the simultaneous import and export of goods for trade. Migration of workers is based on whether a country is capital –intensive or capital extensive. If capital intensive then workers will migrate from it to the labor intensive

Life Cycle Assessment Of Laptops And Printed Notes Engineering Essay

Life Cycle Assessment Of Laptops And Printed Notes Engineering Essay For the last few years, the society had started to use electronic devices for reading instead of using printed paper especially for university students. However, the paper is still used for printing and other usage. Paper is one of the main causes of global warming as trees will be cut down and processed into wood as wood is the main ingredient of producing paper. Without trees, there will be less photosynthesis phenomena occurring to reduce carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is produced by human activities such as breathing, power generation, combustion etc. To reduce the cutting of trees, several electronic devices have been introduced to replace the paper used for several purposes. 1.2 Life Cycle Assessment Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method used to analyze the impacts caused by products and services to the environment surrounding. It is used to study the life cycle from the extraction of raw materials, processing, transport, use, reuse, recycling or disposal of the products and services. There are four stages in LCA which includes goal identification, life cycle inventory, impact analysis and improvement analysis. LCA is used to identify and analyze the input and output of materials, energy and waste emissions in solid, liquid and gaseous state in order to make the improvement from the environmental impacts determined. (Life cycle assessment n.d) 2. Goal and scope definition 2.1 Goal of this study The goal of this study is to compare the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the service between reading printed lecture notes and reading lecture notes on the laptop. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of printed and computer document as learning materials for an undergraduate engineering student of Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus is conducted. The LCA of this study is done by the undergraduate Civil Engineering students of Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus. The results of this study is based on the two reports titled Scanning Life Cycle Assessment of Printed and E-paper Documents based on the iRex Digital Reader by Sebastiaan Deetman and Ingrid Odegard in March 2009 and Life Cycle Assessment of a Laptop Computer and its Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Anh Hoang, Wei li Tseng, Shekar Viswanathan and Howard Evans. The study will compare the environment impacts of the printed paper and laptop. 2.2 Scope of this study Scope of this study consists of function and functional units. Function of the product will be analyzed and functional units will be included in this study is used to make comparison of the services and the LCA of the laptop. 2.2.1 Function Laptop can be useful in reading lecture notes and making notes in a document files. These are the functions that will be analyzed. However, laptop can also be used to read online newspaper, journals, magazine and for doing assignments. These functions will not be included in this study but they can definitely help in reducing the environment impacts. The use of Microsoft Office software in laptop enables students to make own notes and read lecture notes for e-paper and printed documents. This function has made the comparison between computer documents and printed paper viable. In this report, it is assumed that the time taken for a student to download lecture notes from the BlackBoard System used by Swinburne University of Technology into the computer is the same. Therefore, it can be excluded from this study because initially, both alternatives need to use this function. Besides, the wireless connection in Swinburne University should be neglected as both printed notes and e-notes require the wireless connection to download the lecture notes from the BlackBoard System. 2.2.2 Product System a. Manufacturing The manufacturing and assembly of components for the laptop including packaging result in releasing greenhouse gases. b. Distribution To distribute the laptop to retails, transportation of the laptop is included in this study. The greenhouse gases also will be released through the transports used. c. Use The usage of the laptop will be four years equivalent to the four years course. The total usage of laptop including lecture, tutorial and self-study per unit for one week is included in this study. So, the laptop usage for one year can be calculated. d. End of life End of life in this study is about recycling a laptop that can no longer be used or function anymore. The laptop will be recycled under the US recycling requirements. 2.2.3 Functional Unit The functional unit of LCA is to study the service of the paper used for printing notes for a student which is four years as the engineering courses for Swinburne University of Technology takes four years to complete. However, the laptop is assumed to replace all the printed notes in this study throughout the four years course. The assumptions of the laptop and printed paper that need to be taken into the consideration in this study are as shown as below. Assumptions: 1. The life span of the laptop and printer are four years as engineering courses take four years. 2. Plug is used for laptop for all the time instead of using battery. 3. Laser printer is used for printing. 4. Wooden uncoated paper is used for printing. 5. The printed paper is in greyscale. 2.2.4 Impact Categories In this study, the laptop usage and the printed paper are compared to analyze the data of greenhouse gas emission for both alternatives which contributes to Global Warming Potential (GWP). 3. Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) In this report, the data collected are the manufacturing, distribution, use and end-of-life of a standard laptop. The CO2-e emission of each stage are also calculated and included in the report. 3.1 Inventory of Laptop Computer 3.1.1 Manufacturing It includes the manufacturing and assembly of components as well as manufacturing and assembly of laptop which comes with packaging. On the whole, the greenhouse gas emission is approximately 160 kg CO2-e which is obtained from the graph on a report entitled Carbon Footprint of a Typical Business Laptop from Dell which is written by Markus Stutz (2010). 3.1.2 Distribution Transportation of laptop by all means to assembly locations and distributed to local retails, including transportation to customers themselves. For this report, the greenhouse gas emission of distribution of laptop is approximately 50 kg CO2-e (Stutz 2010) following the US region. However, the transportation may vary with region. So the emissions will vary as well but not much difference. 3.1.3 Use The life span of the laptop is estimated to be four years which is assumed to be used for the whole four years course of engineering students of Swinburne University Sarawak. One laptop is used by one student only. It is assumed that for one week, the total usage (hours) of laptop is 28 hours inclusive of 3 hours lecture, 2 hours tutorial and 2 hours of self-study per unit. There are four units altogether so 7 hours multiply by 4 equals to 28 hours. Assuming two semesters which consists of 32 weeks (inclusive of exam weeks) are equivalent to one year, the total hours is 896 hours. Hence, for four years, the total hour is 3584 hours. To calculate the power consumption and greenhouse gas emission, the mode taken into consideration is Active mode. Based on the report written by the students of National University entitled Life Cycle Assessment of a Laptop Computer and its Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions, the electricity used for average Active mode is 0.032 kWh. The power consu mption is tabulated in the table below. Electricity Used (kWh) Hours for 4 Years Power consumed (kWh) Active (Average) 0.032 3584 114.69 Based on the report too, the formula is converted to kWh. Hence, the greenhouse gas emission for usage is equal to 45.88 kg CO2-e. 3.1.4 End-of-life Once the laptop can no longer be used or it is unable to function anymore, the laptop will be sent for recycling. Sometimes laptops can be reformatted but it will not perform as well as before. Hence, according to Stutz 2010, it is assumed that 75 percent of the laptop will be recycled under the US recycling requirements. So, the greenhouse gas emission of -30 kg CO2-e is obtained. Stages Kg CO2-e released Manufacturing 160 Distribution 50 Use 45.88 End of life -30 Total 225.88 Table 1: The CO2e emission for laptop 3.2 Print Alternative Other alternative is that, the lecture notes, tutorial sheet and solutions can be printed out for study. The significant part which manipulates the GWP value is the type of paper used for printing. In this inventory, woodfree uncoated paper will be used to print out the lecture notes as well as tutorial questions. The GWP of manufacturing, distribution, use, end-of-life stage was taken from the LCA done by the ecoinvent for the inventory of the print alternative. 3.2.1 The use of printer A laser printer is used to print all the lecture notes and tutorial exercises. According to the report of LCA done by the student of University of Technology in Delft, they are using the process description of Ecoinvent database, which includes the life-time of printer, energy use during 3 different operational modes(active, stand-by and off), the print speed and average paper consumption. These numbers were all converted to an average inventory for an hour of printer use, as summarized in Table 4 below [Lehmann, 2007]. Process/part description Amount (per hour of printer use) Unit Ecoinvent name Electricity use 0.0402 kWh Electricity, low voltage, production UCTE Printing paper 0.214 kg Paper, woodfree, uncoated, at regional storage [RER] Laser Printer Scenario 1: Scenario 2: piece piece Printer laserjet, b/w, at plant [GLO] Toner 0.0644 kg Toner, black, used for printing [RER] Transport 0.0215 tkm Transport, freight, rail[RER] Table 1: The usage of printer and papers per hour In table 4, the usage of printer, paper and toner was converted to per hour usage. This is because Ecoinvent database recorded the lifetime of a printer is about four years. However, the usage of the laserjet printer will not be operating twenty four hours per day for four years. Therefore, the inventory is converted to per hour determination. 3.2.2 Paper Uncoated woodfree paper is the type of paper that we used most for printing. The dataset of the production and distribution of the type of paper is based on the Ecoinvent database. And according to the database, the uncoated woodfree paper contains at least 90% of fibres in the form of chemical pulp. Calculation: The estimation of paper used in 4 years. The approximate number of paper used for 1 chapter=15 sheets There total chapters for 1 subject= 8 chapters Subjects in 1 semester= 4 Semesters in 1 year=2 There are approximately 960 sheets of paper used in one year. And one student will consumed approximately 3840 sheets of paper in four years time. Paper disposal There are three types of paper disposal flows are defined in Ecoinvent, they are: Â · [G139] disposal, paper, 11.2% water, to municipal incineration [CH] Â · [G449] disposal, paper, 11.2% water, to sanitary landfill [CH] Â · [G1984] paper, recycling, with deinking, at plant [RER] The first two processes, however, differ from the third. The disposal processes have economic outflow the service of the disposal of 1 kg of the paper, as what is expected. A physical mass of recycled paper is the output for the recycling flow. According to Ecoinvent, there isnt recycling paper service and recycling gives out recycled paper as output. This means that the printer not only provide service of printing, but also produce recycled paper. Part of the total process to the recycled paper and part of the total process to the use of printer were allocated. This means that the environmental impacts of recycling the paper as waste are taken into account. 4.0 Impact Assessment This stage is to assess the impacts will affect on human health and the environment associated with energy and raw material inputs and environmental releases quantified by the inventory. We have done the impact assessment for the category of global warming potential (GWP). From the result, we do a comparison of CO2-equivalent between the laptop and printed paper. 4.1 Break-even Point: GWP Break-even point is when the GWP of both alternatives is the same occur. This can determine which alternative is more sustainable to the environment. When the GWP of both alternatives meets at this point, their emission is equal. After that, based on different situation, which ever goes higher is considered as not sustainable. GWP (kg CO2 equivalents) Print Alternative Scenario 1 Printing 3840 pages for four years Printing with woodfree uncoated paper 13.53 Laptop 225.88 Table: GWP values (in CO2-eq) of printed notes and laptop usage. From the table above, the relationship between the print alternative and laptop computer between two scenarios was assumed. After that, it can generate the graph as seen in figure below. Figure: From the figure, the impact assigned to the laptop computer remains constant as it is used daily for reading and studying. The graph shows the GWP of print alternative is much lower than the laptop computer. The break-even point is too far that it is probably about 70000 prints for four years. 5.0 Improvement Analysis Based on the research done, the usage of e-paper (laptops) still releases quite a high amount of CO2e which leads to Global Warming Potential. Hence, a few improvements to reduce emissions should be done. Improvements that could be done are as follows: Optimization of electricity usage when manufacturing laptops Minimize the number of transportation of laptops by distributing as many laptops as possible delivery process Turn off laptop when it is not used (i.e when taking a break from studying lecture notes) Purchasing laptops which has Energy Star label. Energy Star is a program by US government which helps to protect environment using superior energy efficiency. (Energy Star n.d.) Public awareness give talks on managing electricity and power usage In order to reduce the effect of global warming potential for paper, improvement can be done in the ways of: Conserving paper by printing on the both sides of the paper. Select to print what is really needed. Print only a few pages that are needed instead of the whole book. Recycle the used paper and use sustainable paper too. Return the empty printing cartridges to the supplier for recycling. 6.0 Conclusion From the life cycle assessment, we have compared the carbon dioxide equivalent of a laptop and paper for four years. It is shown that the CO2-e of a laptop is higher than paper. In other words, print alternative is a better choice to reduce the environmental impacts. It is more environmental friendly to study the lecture slides by printing paper instead of using laptop as paper emits less CO2e. The results above can only be applied to study lecture notes, not for office use and others.